rhesus monkey experiment

In order to do so, we need to examine their blood samples to understand the health of the population. Starting in 1957, Harlow worked with rhesus monkeys, which are more mature at birth than humans, but like human babies show a range of emotions and need to be nursed. Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 – December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development. The determination of the Rh (from rhesus) factor in human blood involves reaction with the blood of this monkey, and a rhesus was the first monkey to be rocketed into the stratosphere. twenty baby rhesus monkeys will be taken from their mothers at birth. Daring to challenge prevailing models of child development, this provocative book argues that what enables us to survive--and sets us free from our pasts--is our astonishing adaptability to change, shaped by the uniquely human attributes of ... Harlow conducted a number of experiments to investigate the factors influencing the development of attachment by infant rhesus monkeys to their mothers. Harlow’s most famous experiment involved giving young rhesus monkeys a choice between two different "mothers." Secure and insecure attachment. Six hours after completion of anesthetic administration the monkeys were examined for neurotoxic effects. J. Found insideWith an eye to the entire range of human evolutionary history, a study of human development examines cross-cultural and universal characteristics of growth from infancy to adolescence. Harlow directed this research, labeling the topic “the nature of love.” His experiments involved depriving rhesus monkey infants of their mothers at birth and rearing them with inanimate surrogate mothers. Harry Frederick Harlow October 31 1905 December 6 1981 was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation dependency needs and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys which manifested the importance of caregiving and … Researcher Stephen Suomi described the device as "little more than a stainless-steel trough with sides that sloped to a rounded bottom": Firstly, Harry Harlow designed an experiment with monkeys to analyze some learning aspects. Paralleling Experiment 1, rhesus monkeys have only limited experience with paint. We compared the interactions of 34 rhesus monkeys, living within a 135 monkey troop, with human wheeled toys and plush toys. Filled with fascinating characters, dramatic storytelling, and cutting-edge science, this is an engrossing exploration of the secrets our brains keep from us—and how they are revealed. Monkey Think, Robot Do. The way the experiment was set up, the act is akin to paying for the images, the researchers say. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Harry Harlow shows that infant rhesus monkeys appear to form an affectional bond with soft, cloth surrogate mothers that offered no food but not with wire surrogate mothers that provided a food source but are less pleasant to touch. Loading... During a first set of treatments, each monkey was administered an acute intramuscular injection of saline (vehicle) or methamphetamine (0.03 – 0.3 mg/kg) at 9:00 h ( Experiment 1 ). every 3 weeks, the animals will be subjected to a short-term stressor, such as Rhesus macaques and Cynomolgus macaques are the two monkey species most frequently used for pre-clinical studies. Based on this observation, Harlow designed his now-famous surrogate mother experiment. Harry Harlow did a number of studies on attachment in rhesus monkeys during the 1950's and 1960's. His experiments took several forms: The Wire Mother Experiment Experiment 1 Found inside – Page 1900A volume in the Handbook of Experimental Animals series, The Laboratory Primate details the past and present use of primates in biomedical research, and the husbandry, nutritional requirements, behaviour, and breeding of each of the ... These days, rhesus monkeys often cost more than $5,000 each, with a healthy female commanding anywhere from $6,000 to $14,000 per animal. Harry Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiment Before Harlow's experiment many psychologists believed that showing affection toward children was merely a sentimental gesture that served no real purpose. This book is published under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book provides original, up-to-date case studies of “ethics dumping” that were largely facilitated by loopholes in the ethics governance of low and middle-income countries. Social interactions. Researchers defend lab work after PETA dubs experiments on baby monkeys "completely unjustifiable" and scientifically "fraudulent" ... Baby rhesus monkey at an NIH lab. View experiment_paper from ENGLISH 102 at Marion High School. Male monkeys, like boys, showed consistent and strong preferences for wheeled toys, while female monkeys, like girls, showed greater variability in preferences. the importance of the relationship between caregiver and infant. Monkeys raised by wire mesh surrogates did not The writer summarizes his work: In the 1950s, Harry Harlow of the University of Wisconsin tested infant dependency using rhesus monkeys in his experiments rather than human babies. The University of Wisconsin (UW) study found that rhesus monkeys that were fed a calorie-restricted diet, which contained 30 percent fewer calories than a control group’s diet, survived to about 28 years for males and about 30 years for females—above average for such primates in captivity. Once a year, juvenile animals on the island are trapped and dyed to keep track of which monkey was captured for biomedical treatment and tattooing. This experiment confirms and extends an earlier finding that a hungry rhesus monkey (O) will avoid securing food if this subjects another monkey (SA) to electric shock. Harlow monkey experiments. This text provides information that is essential for research that involves the rhesus monkey, from conditioning a wild rhesus monkey to restoring it to its natural state after the tests that it is subjected to. Harlow experimented with rhesus monkeys, an Asian species that’s assimilates to living with humans easily. Chronic Marijuana Smoke Exposure in the Rhesus Monkey I. However, even though their noses were blocked by the Found insideLike its predecessor, this edition of Elements of Acoustic Phonetics will serve as an invaluable textbook and reference for students and practitioners of linguistics and speech science, and for anyone who wants to understand the physics of ... Harry Frederick Harlow was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on Find diseases associated with this biological target and compounds tested against it in bioassay experiments. Introduction to the theory and statement of the problem. Monkeys placed in isolation exhibited social deficits when introduced or re-introduced into a peer group. By covering important topics such as study planning and conduct, inter-species genetic drift, pathophysiology, animal welfare legislation, safety assessment of biologics and small molecules, immunotoxicology and much more, this book ... For 4 rhesus monkeys, mouth-contact responses with either of two brass spouts were reinforced according to fixed-ratio schedules by 0.65-mL liquid deliveries during daily 3-hr sessions. However, even though their noses were blocked by the March 25, 2012. for the next 11 months they will be housed with another baby monkey. In this meticulously researched and masterfully written book, Pulitzer Prize-winner Deborah Blum examines the history of love through the lens of its strangest unsung hero: a brilliant, fearless, alcoholic psychologist named Harry Frederick ... Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiment. Before we talk about the experiments themselves, let’s talk about some of the theories that influenced Harlow. Filed under: Psychology — 5 Comments. Now Duane Rumbaugh and David Washburn probe the mysteries of the animal mind even further, identifying an advanced level of animal behavior—emergents—that reflects animals’ natural and active inclination to make sense of the world. The monkey … In the experiment the virtual arms and 3D target objects appear on the screen from a first-person perspective to the monkey, who receives a juice reward for correctly performed trials. Widely regarded as the state-of-the-science reference on attachment, this handbook interweaves theory and cutting-edge research with clinical applications. Their experiments involved rabbits which, when injected with the Rhesus monkey's red blood cells, produced an antigen that is present in the red blood cells of many humans. Plasma Cannabinoid and Blood Carbxyhemoglobin Concentrations and Clinical Chemistry Parameters SLIKKER, W., JR., PAULE, M. G., ALI, S. F., SCALLET, A. C., AND BAILEY, J. R (1991). Chapter 1 endnote 30, from How Emotions are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain by Lisa Feldman Barrett. Rhesus monkeys have long been used as experimental research animals. He kept everything clean and fed them at regular times. In 1940, the rhesus factor, named after them was discovered in their blood. Next lesson. Harlows experiments many captured on film are chilling and underscore the power of proximity in our lives. The monkey … If we take a look at the UW data from 2009, from a semantical standpoint, the study didn’t find CR extends the lifespan of rhesus monkeys, despite the headlines in the lay press. The Wire Mother Experiment His most famous experiment involved giving young rhesus monkeys a choice between two different "mothers." of maternal deprivation on brain development in young monkeys. learning capability follows very similar sequences in rhesus monkeys and human children. The purpose of the study was to examine their behavior in the laboratory to confirm Bowlby’s attachment theory. Dr. Jerry Silver can still picture the 1970 day when he stood in the lab as his colleague, Dr. Robert White, transplanted the head of a rhesus monkey onto the body of another rhesus monkey. In order to study the effects of maternal separation and social isolation, Harlow placed infant monkeys in isolated chambers. Social support. The Core Curriculum requires that the courses within it support students skill enhancement in the Core Objectives. The study, begun at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1989, is one of two ongoing, long-term U.S. efforts to examine the effects of a reduced-calorie diet on nonhuman primates. The rhesus factor was later found in humans. The Wire Mother Experiment. Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiment. In rhesus monkey. Harry Harlow was an American psychologist who is best-remembered for his series of controversial and often outrageously cruel experiments with rhesus monkeys. Harlow separated infant monleys from their mothers between 6-12 hours after birth, and were instead raised with a “surrogate” mother made of … The monkeys were housed individually in their cages (cage size: 80 cm × 80 cm × 90 cm), at a … The book also analyzes the composition of important foods and feed ingredients and offers guidelines on feed processing and diet formulation. Found inside – Page 11The monkeys were obtained through animal dealers and were tested for tuberculosis before being placed on experiment . Those with positive tests were discarded . All monkeys were retested every four months so that the experiments might ... And even researchers who can afford them spend months waiting, as monkey brokers and breeding centers scramble to locate enough animals. Ben-Haim explained that in the experiments, the researchers tested visual consciousness by utilizing a “double dissociation task” on rhesus monkeys and humans, with the latter group serving as a control. Found inside"The book is well organized, well detailed, and well referenced; it is an invaluable sourcebook for researchers and clinicians working in the area of bereavement. These surrogates, however, were very different and provided different necessities to the animals. maternal characteristics underlie the infant’s attachment to its mother. … The median lifespan of a rhesus monkey in captivity is about 27 years and the maximum lifespan is about 40 years (Colman et al., 2009). Found insideThese and other related concerns are crucial in this volume's lively debate over the nature of the missing cognitive link, and whether gorillas, chimps, or other species might be more like humans than many have supposed. for the first month of their lives they will be raised in isolation. Dr. Harry Harlow was a psychologist, who is most well-known for the experiments he conducted on rhesus monkeys concerning social isolation. Objectives assigned to this course include: Critical thinking; Communication; Empirical and Quantitative Skills; and Social Responsibility. This volume and its companion Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research: Biology and Management represent the most comprehensive publications of their type on nonhuman primates. Harlow’s first experiment involved isolating and depriving infant monkeys of their mothers and raising them in a lab. A Chinese researcher who sparked improved cognitive function in monkeys … A rhesus monkey uses thought to make a robot walk, paving the way for paralysis victims to move using brain-powered prosthetic limbs. A baby rhesus macaque monkey looks out from the arms of its mother in Hong Kong on July 17, 2011. One of the problems that has limited the effectiveness of bone marrow engraftment by transplantation of allogeneic marrow for the treatment of radiation injury has been the graft-versus-host response, which has been designated as the ... In the monkeys experiment, the researchers wired together three rhesus macaque monkeys and implanted receptors in their motor and somatosensory cortices to capture and transmit the brain activity. Milgram's Shocking Obedience Experiments. The other was made of wire but provided nourishment from an attached baby bottle. The study of 76 rhesus monkeys, reported Monday in Nature Communications, was performed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center in Madison. If someone told you to deliver a painful, possibly fatal … Throughout the 1950s and 60s, Harlow investigated the attachment bonds we call love with his rhesus monkeys as test subjects. Virtual monkey avatar shown from a 3rd person perspective as the movements of the two arms are decoded in real-time from a the brain of a rhesus monkey. Type D retroviruses: occurrence of natural antibodies to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus in rhesus monkeys. Many even thought that affection would only spread diseases and lead to adult psychological problems. for the first month of their lives they will be raised in isolation. He separated the baby monkeys from their mothers to see how they reacted. Altruism. The infant rhesus monkeys who were completely isolated from other monkeys showed Rhesus Monkey experiment When the experimental subjects were frightened by strange, loud objects, monkeys raised by terry cloth surrogates made bodily contact with their mothers, rubbed against them, and eventually calmed down. The famous experiments that psychologist Harry Harlow conducted in the 1950s on maternal deprivation in rhesus monkeys were landmarks not only in primatology, but in the evolving science of attachment and loss. The fourteen chapters of this volume offer guidance for the application of animal studies to human questions. It was the results of two experiments that demonstrate rapid, strong, and persistent observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys, extending the findings of Mineka, Davidson, Cook, and Keir (1984), who reported similar results using related monkeys that were living together. Among other things, it is related how Harlow arrived at his famous research with rhesus monkeys and how this made Harlow a highly relevant figure for attachment theorist Bowlby. In each experiment, independent fixed-ratio schedules were concurrently in effect at the two spouts. He wanted to protect the smaller monkeys from disease and figured that the best way to do so was to isolate them in cages. The first experiment with monkeys. ANIMAL WATCH-Primate-center scientists have found that rhesus macaques, human-like monkeys, can be infected with SARS-CoV-2 -- the virus behind COVID-19 -- although they develop different symptoms -- so experiments are beginning at the University of California Davis, "to prevent outbreaks in their colonies," according to The Scientist.. Animal experiments in this laboratory s-5 have shown that induced nasal obstruction in healthy rhesus monkeys leads to oral respiration and subsequently to changes in both the facial skeleton and the dentition. A rhesus monkey uses thought to make a robot walk, paving the way for paralysis victims to move using brain-powered prosthetic limbs. To test this theory, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers relatively quickly after birth and were raised by surrogate mothers. Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiments: Monkeying Around With Love - Psychological Experiments Series | Academy 4 Social Change Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiments: Lesson Plan Topic Harlow’s rhesus monkey experiments are most well-known for their championing of comfort contact. Found insideThrough ten examples of ingenious experiments by some of psychology's most innovative thinkers, Lauren Slater traces the evolution of the century's most pressing concerns—free will, authoritarianism, conformity, and morality. Objectives assigned to this course include: Critical thinking; Communication; Empirical and Quantitative Skills; and Social Responsibility. The Pit of despair was a name used by American comparative psychologist Harry Harlow for a device he designed, technically called a vertical chamber apparatus, that he used in experiments on rhesus macaque monkeys at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the 1970s. In a 2011 Psychology Today post called " What Monkeys Can Teach Us About Human Behavior ," Michael Michalko described an experiment involving five monkeys, a ladder, and a banana. The Rhesus factor gets its name from experiments conducted in 1937 by scientists Karl Landsteiner and Alexander S. Weiner. Initial experiments characterized the antinociceptive effects of intranasal (IN) fentanyl and buprenorphine relative to … One was made of soft terrycloth but provided no food. twenty baby rhesus monkeys will be taken from their mothers at birth. The Core Curriculum requires that the courses within it support students skill enhancement in the Core Objectives. This important finding henceforth prevented fatal immune reactions … Dr. Jerry Silver can still picture the 1970 day when he stood in the lab as his colleague, Dr. Robert White, transplanted the head of a rhesus monkey onto the body of another rhesus monkey. They chose to inject rhesus monkey blood into guinea pigs and rabbits because the rhesus monkey was higher up the phylogenetic tree than sheep. There are four different types of white blood cells we need to identify: monocyte, eosinophil, neutrophil, and lymphocyte white blood cells. Postnatal day (PND) 5-6 rhesus monkeys were exposed to N(2)O (70%) or ISO (1.0%) alone, or N(2)O plus ISO for 8 h. Inhalation of the combination of 70% N(2)O+1% ISO produces a surgical plane of anesthesia. This is the currently selected item. Gene target information for MRGPRX2 - MAS related GPR family member X2 (Rhesus monkey). In the present series this “sacrificial” behavior was manifested in 6 of 10 animals independently of the relative position of the two animals in a dominance hierarchy. In 1970, following lengthy preliminary trials and experiments, it was announced that White and a crack team of assistants would attempt to perform the world's first head transplant involving rhesus monkeys. Harlow’s Rhesus Monkey Experiment. The monkeys were quick to learn the task, so their results were published first, while the canine research is ongoing, according to Ben-Haim. Five rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer orally-delivered phencyclidine (PCP) and water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 8 schedules. This book brings us closer to an understanding at the molecular, cellular and whole organism level of the way forward. Food or calorie restriction has been shown in many short-lived animals and the rhesus monkey to prolong life-span. every 3 weeks, the animals will be subjected to a short-term stressor, such as Video transcript. This was the successful procedure: They injected rabbits with .5cc (10 drops) of rhesus blood and the rabbit made anti M serum. Liquid deliveries were contingent upon lip-contact responses on solenoid-operated drinking spouts, and food pellet delivery was contingent upon responses on a centrally-located lever. Isolation and Deprivation Harlow’s first experiment involved isolating and depriving infant monkeys of their mothers and raising them in a lab. The infant rhesus monkeys who were completely isolated from other monkeys showed disturbing behavior. When scientists brought them back to a group of monkeys, they were anti-social and self-sabotaging. Experiments by Klüver and Bucy. Harry Harlow, the man behind the All but two of these experiments were conducted on rhesus monkeys at the University of Wisconsin and Wisconsin Primate Center. The writer summarizes his work: In the 1950s, Harry Harlow of the University of Wisconsin tested infant dependency using rhesus monkeys in his experiments rather than human babies. Harlow’s monkey experiment tackled both hypotheses: if surrogates can take the place of the biological mother, and if the bond between mother and child is purely based on physiological need. Rhesus monkeys have electrodes implanted in their brains at Leuven university Activists say most of them will be killed once the 'cruel' experiments are over University says they are … Harlow’s Rhesus monkey experiment In the 1950s, Psychologist Harry Harlow conducted an experiment in which he utilized young monkeys to experience maternal separation and deprivation of dependency in order to observe the effects on both psychological and behavioral development, in addition, to conclude if a child’s attachment to their caregiver is due to meeting biological needs. Fundam. Explores primate societies and their evolution using macaques as a model. Tulane Univ brain researcher Dr Robert Heath repts experiments on 2 rhesus monkeys, trained to smoked 1 marijuana cigarette daily for 5 days per … In this study, Harlow took infant monkeys from their biological mothers and gave them two inanimate surrogate mothers: one was a simple construction of wire and wood, and the second was covered in foam rubber and soft terry cloth. There is genetic similarity between humans and Rhesus macaques, including sharing of pathogen genomes. One was made of soft terrycloth, but provided no food. In Games Primates Play, primatologist Dario Maestripieri examines the curious unspoken customs that govern our behavior. Recounts the story of Harry Harlow, a psychologist who speculated, explained, and conducted experiments on whether "love" exists, using rhesus monkeys as subjects. On the basis of personal reminiscences an account is given of Harlow’s role in the development of attachment theory and key notions of attachment theory are being discussed. Primate Societies is a synthesis of the most current information on primate socioecology and its theoretical and empirical significance, spanning the disciplines of behavioral biology, ecology, anthropology, and psychology. This was done through the upbringing of infant Rhesus Monkeys on segregate mothers – One just providing comfort and the other just providing food. The resulting synthesis, representing the expert opinion of primatologists and re-introduction practitioners, is presented here as part of the series of best-practices documents. for the next 11 months they will be housed with another baby monkey. The first google result for monkeys ladder experiment contains to the following information: Stephenson (1967) trained adult male and female rhesus monkeys to avoid manipulating an object and then placed individual naïve animals in a cage with a trained individual … At the end of one year, he released all three monkeys into a cage with other monkeys of the same species but varying ages and sex. Monkeys use sex as a way to end an argument. This is the story of a human-wire monkey. This edited volume is the first of its kind to bridge the epistemological gap between primate ethologists and primate neurobiologists. Researchers defend lab work after PETA dubs experiments on baby monkeys "completely unjustifiable" and scientifically "fraudulent" ... Baby rhesus monkey at an NIH lab. The rhesus monkey and other macaques are classified in the family Cercopithecidae (the Old World monkeys). His most famous experiment involved separating an infant from its mother a few hours after birth and letting it be “raised” by two “surrogate mothers.” Three Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys, including 1 female (Monkey #1, 5 years old) and 2 males (Monkeys #2 and #3, both 4 years old), were used for this experiment. Harry Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiment Before Harlow's experiment many psychologists believed that showing affection toward children was merely a sentimental gesture that served no real purpose. Harlow's classic series of experiments were conducted between 1957 and 1963 and involved separating young rhesus monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth. The infant monkeys were instead raised by surrogate wire monkey mothers. Additionally, how many monkeys did Harlow use? The amygdala was first linked to fear in the 1930s when two scientists, Heinrich Klüver and Paul C. Bucy, removed the temporal lobes of rhesus monkeys. This volume, it is hoped, will convey the tone of lively and cordial exchange between inter nationally renowned investigators, including Dr. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt from Germany, Dr. Robert A. Hinde from England, Dr. Edward F. Domino from ... Found insideBringing together leading researchers, this book comprehensively covers what is known about the amygdala, with a unique focus on what happens when this key brain region is damaged or missing. These infants were highly dependent on their mothers for nutrition, protection, comfort, and socialization. First, in 2009 a research team led by Janice Hassett of the Yerkes National Primate Center at Emory University reported on experiments in which they the researchers to see whether rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) would exhibit gender-specific toy preferences similar to those of human children. The experiment lasted 6 to 7… John Bowlby demonstrates the devastating effects on children of maternal deprivation - effects that ripple through the generations as neglected children often become neglectful parents. Report on research, using either cloth-covered or wire surrogate mothers, on the importance of physical and social contact in the development of monkey babies. Aim. Stepper’s “proof” that it happened “a little differently” is an article by G.R. Aggression. Harry Harlow, Monkey Love Experiments By Saul McLeod, published 2020 Harlow (1958 wanted to study the mechanisms by which newborn rhesus monkeys bond with their mothers. of maternal deprivation on brain development in young monkeys. Once connected, the three monkeys were able to control the movements of a virtual avatar’s arm on a computer screen in front of them. It is also easy to handle rhesus monkeys, and therefore, they have been widely used in biomedical research. Brady (1958) conducted a study where he paired 8 rhesus monkeys who he then strapped in chairs, and both of those monkeys receive a 5 milli-amperes electric shock to their feet for half a second unless the conditioned monkey pressed a lever which delayed the shock for 20 seconds. The aim of the research was to produce an animal model of depression. Many even thought that affection would only spread diseases and lead to adult psychological problems. Br. Male Monkeys Prefer Trucks. The experiment’s objective was to find out about how we measure Love or, attachment to our parents. Harlow’s experiment on the rhesus monkeys was no doubt unethical and inhumane however I feel that we should bear in mind the historical validity of the study. Three years' experimentation before we started our studies on affection gave us experience with the neonatal monkey. Harlow's classic series of experiments were conducted between 1957 and 1963 and involved separating young rhesus monkeys from their mothers shortly after birth. In his most famous experiment, Harlow wanted to test the effect the mother has on an infant. Introduction to the theory and statement of the problem. The infant monkeys were instead raised by surrogate wire monkey mothers. Appl Toxicol 17, 321–334. With data from field and laboratory studies of more than 90 primate species and of more than 50 years of long-term research, the intellectual breadth represented in this volume makes it a major contribution to comparative cognitive science ... Four male monkeys completed Experiments 1 through 3, and 4 different monkeys (2 females and 2 males) completed Experiment 4 (see Table 1 for Individual subject data). Monkey Think, Robot Do. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of intranasally administered opioids in rhesus monkeys using the tail-withdrawal assay, and to correlate these effects with measures of receptor occupancy using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. The antisera from the rabbits caused a reaction. Revisiting the Classic Studies in Social Psychology traces 12 ground-breaking studies by researchers such as Asch, Festinger, Milgram, Sherif, Tajfel and Zimbardo to re-examine and reflect on their findings and engage in a lively discussion ... Analyzes the composition of important foods and feed ingredients and offers guidelines on feed processing diet! Animals from their mothers at birth monkeys use sex as a way Do!, rhesus monkeys will be taken from their mothers to see how they reacted breeding centers scramble to enough... Games primates Play, primatologist Dario Maestripieri examines the curious unspoken customs that our! 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